OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY: CONCEPT, REGULATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) as a scientificdiscipline has undergone a significant paradigmatic shift over the past few decades, from a highly focused approach to technical protection from purely physical danger to a more hands-on approach systemic and risk-based. In the early
stages of OSH development, the dominant concept of technical protection emphasized the use of personal protective equipment, basic safety procedures, and post incident response to workplace accidents. However, criticisms of this model, including its reactive tendencies and lack of anticipation of complex hazards, have led to the emergence of a new approach that places risk assessment
and risk management as the primary foundation of organizational safety. This modern approach integrates hazard identification, risk evaluation, and mitigation measures within a proactive and adaptive management system framework.